Pharmaceutical intervention in the rational use of intravenous omeprazole / Intervenção farmacêutica no uso racional de omeprazol intravenoso

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the pharmaceutical interventions of a vertical clinical pharmacy service to promote the rational use of intravenous omeprazole. Methods: A prospective and descriptive study carried out at a university hospital in the Midwestern Region of Brazil, from November 2014 to May 2015. The service consisted of the analysis of adequacy of the route of administration of omeprazole in relation to the clinical conditions of the patient, as well as the use of the appropriate diluent. Interventions were recorded in medical records and subsequently evaluated for acceptance. Results: A total of 770 prescriptions were evaluated. Interventions related to diluent replacement were more accepted (p<0.001), and surgeons were the specialty that used the intravenous route inappropriately (p<0.001). Conclusion: Although partially accepted, pharmaceutical interventions could contribute to improve patient safety, since they allowed the use of a safer route of administration.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever as intervenções farmacêuticas de um serviço farmacêutico clínico vertical, para a promoção do uso racional do omeprazol intravenoso. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo e descritivo realizado em um hospital universitário da região Centro-Oeste do Brasil, no período de novembro de 2014 a maio de 2015. O serviço consistia na análise da adequabilidade da via de administração do omeprazol em relação às condições clínicas do paciente, bem como a utilização do diluente adequado. As intervenções eram registradas em prontuário e, posteriormente, avaliadas quanto à aceitação. Resultados: Foram avaliadas 770 prescrições. As intervenções relacionadas à substituição do diluente foram mais aceitas (p<0,001), e os cirurgiões foram a especialidade que utilizou a via intravenosa de maneira inadequada (p<0,001). Conclusão: Embora parcialmente aceitas, as intervenções farmacêuticas puderam contribuir com a melhoria da segurança dos pacientes, uma vez que permitiram a utilização de uma via de administração mais segura.

Cost-effectiveness of infusion pumps to reduce errors in a Pediatric ICU / El costo-efectividad de bombas de infusión para la reducción de errores en una UTI Pediátrica / Custo-efetividade de bombas de infusão para a redução de erros em uma UTI Pediátrica

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze cost-effectiveness and to calculate incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of the use of infusion pumps with drug library to reduce errors in intravenous drug administration in pediatric and neonatal patients in Intensive Care Units. Methods: Mathematical modeling for economic analysis of the decision tree type. The base case was composed of reference and alternative settings. The target population was neonates and pediatric patients hospitalized in Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Units, comprising a cohort of 15,034 patients. The cost estimate was based on the bottom-up and top-down approaches. Results: The decision tree, after RollBack, showed that the infusion pump with drug library may be the best strategy to avoid errors in intravenous drugs administration. Conclusion: The analysis revealed that the conventional pump, although it has the lowest cost, also has lower effectiveness.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar el costo-efectividad y calcular la razón de costo-efectividad incremental del uso de bombas de infusión con una biblioteca de fármacos para reducir errores en la administración de medicamentos por vía intravenosa, en pacientes pediátricos y neonatales en unidades de terapia intensiva. Método: Modelaje matemático para el análisis económico, del tipo árbol de decisión. El caso base se compone de escenarios de referencia y alternativo. La población objetivo fueron pacientes neonatos y pediátricos internados en unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica y neonatal, componiendo una cohorte de 15.034 pacientes. La estimación de costos se basó en los enfoques bottom-up y top-down. Resultados: El árbol de decisión, después de Roll Back, mostró que la bomba de infusión con biblioteca de fármacos puede ser la mejor estrategia para evitar errores en la administración de medicamentos intravenosos. Conclusión: El análisis reveló que la bomba convencional, aunque tiene el menor costo, tiene también menor efectividad.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar o custo-efetividade e calcular a razão de custo-efetividade incremental do uso de bombas de infusão com biblioteca de fármacos para reduzir erros na administração de medicamento pela via intravenosa, em pacientes pediátricos e neonatais em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva. Método: Modelagem matemática para análise econômica, do tipo árvore de decisão. O caso-base foi composto pelos cenários de referência e alternativo. A população alvo foram pacientes neonatos e pediátricos internados em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva pediátrica e neonatal, compondo uma coorte de 15.034 pacientes. A estimativa de custos foi baseada nas abordagens bottom-up e top-down. Resultados: A árvore de decisão, após RollBack, mostrou que a bomba de infusão com biblioteca de fármacos pode ser a melhor estratégia para evitar erros na administração de medicamentos intravenosos. Conclusão: A análise revelou que a bomba convencional, embora tenha o menor custo, tem também menor efetividade.

Brinquedo terapêutico na administração de medicação endovenosa em crianças: estudo exploratório / Use of therapeutic play during intravenous drug administration in children: exploratory study / Juguete terapéutico en la administración de medicamentos intravenoso en niños: estudio exploratorio

OBJETIVO: Identificar reações de crianças na administração de medicação endovenosa, realizada anterior e posteriormente à técnica do Brinquedo Terapêutico, e analisar percepção dos acompanhantes em relação à influência da técnica no preparo para administração da medicação endovenosa. MÉTODO: Estudo exploratório, com abordagem qualitativa, realizado por meio de observações de administração medicamentosa endovenosa e das sessões de Brinquedo Terapêutico com crianças, e entrevista semiestruturada com acompanhantes. Os dados foram submetidos à análise temática. RESULTADOS: Crianças com dificuldade em aceitar a medicação endovenosa apresentaram mudanças positivas no comportamento após realização Brinquedo Terapêutico, principalmente aquelas entre 4 e 6 anos. Acompanhantes recomendam a realização dessa prática para melhoria do cuidado e redução do estresse durante a administração. CONCLUSÃO: Brinquedo terapêutico é uma relevante intervenção de enfermagem para minimizar as reações da criança durante o uso de medicações endovenosas, sendo importante a capacitação dos enfermeiros e o fomento da técnica para qualificação da assistência.

AIM: To identify the reactions of children during intravenous drug administration before and after the use of therapeutic play technique and to analyse their companions' perceptions regarding the technique's effects on the child's preparation for intravenous drug administration. METHOD: An exploratory study with a qualitative approach conducted through observations of intravenous drug administration and therapeutic play sessions with children and semi-structured interviews with their companions. The data were subjected to thematic analysis. RESULTS: Children who had difficulty accepting intravenous medication, especially those between 4 and 6 years, presented positive behavioural changes after the use of therapeutic play. The children's companions recommended the use of this technique to improve care and reduce stress during drug administration. CONCLUSION: Therapeutic play is a relevant nursing intervention for minimizing children's reactions during intravenous drug administration, and the training of nurses and the promotion of technique are important for improving care.

OBJETIVO: Identificar reacciones de niños en la administración de medicamentos intravenoso, realizada anterior y posteriormente a la técnica del Juguete Terapéutico, y analizar percepción de los acompañantes en relación a la influencia de la técnica en el preparo para la administración del medicamento intravenoso. MÉTODO: Estudio exploratorio, con enfoque cualitativo, realizado por medio de observaciones de administración medicamentosa intravenosa y de las sesiones de Juguete Terapéutico con niños, y entrevista semiestructurada con acompañantes. Los datos fueron sometidos al análisis temático. RESULTADOS: Niños con dificultad en aceptar el medicamento intravenoso presentaron cambios positivos en el comportamiento después la realización Juguete Terapéutico, principalmente aquellas entre 4 y 6 años. Acompañantes recomiendan la realización de esa práctica para mejora del cuidado y reducción del estrés durante la administración. CONCLUSIÓN: Juguete terapéutico es una relevante intervención de enfermería para minimizar las reacciones del niño durante el uso de medicamentos intravenosa, siendo importante la capacitación de los enfermeros y el fomento de la técnica para cualificación de la asistencia.

Assessment of an intervention aimed at early discontinuation of intravenous antimicrobial therapy in a Brazilian University hospital

Abstract Many interventions demonstrate success in adapting the duration of intravenous antibiotic therapy, but few studies have been conducted in developing countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention in the induction of early discontinuation of intravenous antimicrobial therapy and/or its switch to oral therapy. The study employed a before–after intervention design that consisted of displaying a message in the computerized prescription on the third day and suspension of the prescription on the fifth day of intravenous antimicrobial therapy. A total of 465 patients were followed during the control period (CP) and 440 in the intervention period (IP). The intravenous therapy was switched to oral therapy for 11 (2.4%) patients during the CP and 25 (5.7%) in the IP (p = 0.011), and was discontinued for 82 (17.6%) patients during the CP and 106 (24.1%) in the IP (p = 0.017). During the IP there was a significant increase of patients who had their antimicrobial treatment discontinued before the seventh day of intravenous treatment, 37.40% (49/131) in the IP and 16.13% (15/93) in the CP (p = 0.0005). The duration of intravenous antimicrobial therapy decreased by one day, but it was not significant (p = 0.136). It is concluded that the proposed intervention is effective in promoting the early discontinuation of antimicrobial treatment and/or switch to oral therapy. As long as a computerized system for prescription already exists, it is easy and inexpensive to be implemented, especially in hospitals in developing countries.

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. Introduction of a new modified experimental model

ABSTRACT PURPOSE : To evaluate a modified experimental model for medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) through the upper right central incisor extraction followed by intravenous bisphosphonate administration. METHODS: Forty five rats underwent the upper right central incisor tooth extraction were divided in 2 groups: Group I - experimental group, 30 rats received an intravenous administration protocol of zoledronic acid 35μg/kg into the tail vein every two weeks, totalizing four administrations, during eight weeks of administration, previously the extraction, and Group II - control group, 15 rats didn't received any medication before extraction. The groups were subdivided in postoperative periods: 14/28/42 days. Clinical analysis and microtomography were performed to verify the presence of osteonecrosis. In addition, descritive histological analysis of hematoxylin-eosin stained sections was performed to evaluate the presence of osteonecrosis or necrotic foci. RESULTS: Twelve (40%) rats, from experimental group, showed clinical signs of MRONJ (p=0.005), however, all samples showed imaginologic findings like osteolysis and loss of integrity of the cellular walls (p≤0.001). Microscopic evaluation revealed osteonecrosis areas with microbial colonies and inflammatory infiltrate (p≤0.001). In the control group, all animals presented the chronology of a normal wound healing. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw after maxillary central incisor extraction in rats. This new experimental model may be considered an option for the study of MRONJ.

Intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy in severe alopecia areata.

Background: Severe, extensive, therapy resistant alopecia areata represents a clinical challenge. Systemic corticosteroids are a therapeutic tool that still needs to be evaluated. Aim: The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of methylprednisolone pulse therapy in alopecia areata and to find prognostic factors for a favourable outcome. Methods: A total of 32 patients with severe multifocal alopecia areata (more than 40% scalp hair loss), alopecia totalis, and alopecia universalis were treated with infusions of 500 mg methylprednisolone for 3 days every month for 3 consecutive months. The end point of the study was 12 months. Results: Of 32 patients, 26 (81.3%) reported a clinical response. Four patients (12.5%) showed complete hair regrowth, 6 patients (18.8%) showed >50% hair regrowth, ten (31.3%) had <50% hair regrowth, 6 (18.75%) were non responders, and another 6 patients (18.8%) had relapse after an initial regrowth. Multivariate analysis revealed that patients reporting at the first episode and those with multifocal disease had the best results. Conclusion: Methylprednisolone infusions represent a possible therapeutic option for patients with multifocal alopecia areata and those presenting with the first episode of the disease.

Lesão pulmonar aguda induzida pela administração endovenosa de extrato da fumaça do cigarro / Acute lung injury induced by the intravenous administration of cigarette smoke extract

OBJETIVO: Investigar os efeitos agudos da administração endovenosa de extrato da fumaça do cigarro (EFC) em parâmetros funcionais respiratórios, inflamatórios e histológicos em ratos e comparar esse potencial modelo de lesão pulmonar aguda (LPA) com aquele com o uso de ácido oleico (AO). MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 72 ratos Wistar machos divididos em quatro grupos: tratados somente com soro fisiológico (SF; grupo controle); tratados com EFC e SF (grupo EFC); tratados com SF e AO (grupo AO); e tratados com EFC e AO (grupo EFC/AO). RESULTADOS: As médias de complacência foram significantemente menores nos grupos AO e EFC/AO (2,12 ± 1,13 mL/cmH2O e 1,82 ± 0,77 mL/cmH2O, respectivamente) do que no controle (3,67 ± 1,38 mL/cmH2O). A proporção de neutrófilos e a atividade das metaloproteinases 2 e 9 em lavado broncoalveolar foram significantemente maiores nos grupos AO e EFC/AO que no controle. O acometimento pulmonar avaliado por morfometria foi significantemente maior nos grupos AO e EFC/AO (72,9 ± 13,8% e 77,6 ± 18,0%, respectivamente) do que nos grupos controle e EFC (8,7 ± 4,1% e 32,7 ± 13,1%, respectivamente), e esse acometimento foi significantemente maior no grupo EFC que no grupo controle. CONCLUSÕES: A administração endovenosa de EFC, nas doses e tempos deste estudo, associou-se à LPA mínima. O EFC não potencializou a LPA induzida por AO. Estudos adicionais são necessários para esclarecer o papel potencial desse modelo como método de estudo dos mecanismos de agressão pulmonar pelo tabaco.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the acute effects of intravenous administration of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on histological, inflammatory, and respiratory function parameters in rats, as well as to compare this potential acute lung injury (ALI) model with that with the use of oleic acid (OA). METHODS: We studied 72 Wistar rats, divided into four groups: control (those injected intravenously with saline); CSE (those injected intravenously with CSE and saline); OA (those injected intravenously with saline and OA); and CSE/OA (those injected intravenously with CSE and OA). RESULTS: Mean lung compliance was significantly lower in the OA and CSE/OA groups (2.12 ± 1.13 mL/cmH2O and 1.82 ± 0.77 mL/cmH2O, respectively) than in the control group (3.67 ± 1.38 mL/cmH2O). In bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, the proportion of neutrophils was significantly higher in the OA and CSE/OA groups than in the control group, as was the activity of metalloproteinases 2 and 9. Pulmonary involvement, as assessed by morphometry, was significantly more severe in the OA and CSE/OA groups (72.9 ± 13.8% and 77.6 ± 18.0%, respectively) than in the control and CSE groups (8.7 ± 4.1% and 32.7 ± 13.1%, respectively), and that involvement was significantly more severe in the CSE group than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The intravenous administration of CSE, at the doses and timing employed in this study, was associated with minimal ALI. The use of CSE did not potentiate OA-induced ALI. Additional studies are needed in order to clarify the potential role of this model as a method for studying the mechanisms of smoking-induced lung injury.

effects of low dose intravenous immunoglobulin on the outcome of Guillian Barre syndrome

Twenty-two patients with Guillian Barre Syndrome admitted to the Department of Neurology, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences [PIMS] between November 1993 and March 1995 were given five grams of intravenous immunologlobulin daily for five days. Fourteen patients were male and 8 female. The duration of symptoms before the start of treatment was one to ten days. Fifty per cent of patients had no history of antecedent illness, while seven [31.82%] had diarrhoea and 3 [13.64%] had upper respiratory infection up to 2 weeks prior to the onset of GBS. Improvement was assessed on days 7 and 14, and 4 weeks after start of treatment. Fifteen patients [68.18%] had grade 0-1 power at the start of the treatment. After one month of follow-up all patients had grade 2 power or more. Fifteen [68.18%] had grade 4 and 5 power. Two patients died. This preliminary trial of low dose immunoglobulin indicates its effectiveness in GBS

comparison of the effects of four intravenous solutions for the treatment of ketonuria during labour

Forty women in whom ketonuria was detected during the first stage of labour were allocated randomly to intravenous treatment with one liter of either normal saline, Hartmann's solution, 5 percent dextrose or 10 percent dextrose. The solutions were administered over 1 h and blood was taken immediately beforehand and thereafter at 30-min intervals for 90 min to assess their effect on intermediary metabolism, plasma osmolality and acid-base status. Although both the 5 and 10 percent dextrose infusions caused a rapid decline in whole blood D-3-hydroxybutyrate concentrations, they also produced pathological degrees of maternal hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia and a marked elevation in the mean blood lactate and pyruvate concentrations. Administration of 10 percent dextrose was also associated with a significant increase in serum osmolality. Hartmann's solution produced significantly higher mean whole blood lactate and pyruvic concentrations than did normal saline. There was significant increase in the venous base deficit in the group infused with 10 percent dextrose, indicating that the buffering capacity of the blood had been exceeded. It is concluded that rapid infusions of dextrose or Hartmann's solution should not be administered during labour. Normal saline should be used for rehydration and if dextrose therapy is deemed necessary the dose administered should not exceed physiological requirements

Role of intravenous diltiazem for acute control of rapid atrial fibrillation

Forty-two patients [27 females and 15 males] had rapid AF with ventricular rate more than 120 beats/min. were included in this study and simply randomized into two groups: Diltiazem group [32 patients] and placebo group [10 patients]. The underlying diseases that might hypertensive HD [4 patients] and IHD [3 patients]. All patients had chronic AF, except 2 patients had recent AF [both were hypertensive]. Twenty-seven had CHF, 36 patients were on digitalis therapy. Two dose levels were used: Dose A [diltiazem 0.25 mg/kg or placebo] +/- dose B [diltiazem 0.35 mg/kg or placebo IV over 2 minutes]. Effective treatment is defined as persistence of AF with 25% decrease of ventricular rate or decreases to below 100 beats/min. It is found that all patients met the definition of effective treatment except one patient who returned to sinus rhythm [hypertensive patient recent AF]. The overall% of decrease in ventricular rate at the end point of the study equal 35.9%. The peak effect recorded after 5 minutes from drug administration. The second dose of diltiazem resulted in less effect compared with first dose. In the same patients, the higher the original ventricular rate the higher the percent of its decrease. There is no significant difference between non-digitalized patients and those on digitalis therapy, and no significant difference between males and females. I.V. diltiazem prolonged the longest RR interval more than the shortest RR interval. I.V. diltiazem [a dose of 0.25 mg/kg +/- 0.35 mg/kg] resulted in no significant hypotension, no clinical deterioration, bradycardia and no significant ventricular arrhythmia. Thus, intravenous diltiazem is effective and safe for acute control of rapid AF